hate) and national endeavours (war … peace) under the pervasive control of divinely arranged times. 9. The first eight verses have asserted a providential control of life, but with little interpretation or comment. There has been no mention of the God who initiates and controls this scheme of ‘times’, nor has its relevance to daily life been elucidated. Verses 9–15 rectify that twin omission. The elucidation is both pessimistic and optimistic. It holds out confirmation of the hope of 2:24–26, and
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